Abstract

English

Etymology 1

From Old French abstract, or from Latin abstractus, perfect passive participle of abstrahō, formed from abs- (“‘away’”) + trahō (“‘draw’”).

Pronunciation

• enPR: ăb'străkt", IPA: /ˈæbstrækt/, SAMPA: /"{b%str{kt/

Noun

Singular Abstract

Plural {{{1}}}

Abstract ({{{1}}})

1. An abridgement or summary.
   • Isaac Watts — An abstract of every treatise he had read.
2. Something that concentrates in itself the qualities of something else.
   • Ford — Man, the abstract Of all perfection, which the workmanship Of Heaven hath modeled.
3. An abstraction; an abstract term.
4. Template:Art An abstract work of art.
5. That which is abstract.
   • John Stuart Mill — The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety".
6. (medicine) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance mixed with sugar of milk in such proportion that one part of the abstract represents two parts of the original substance.

Synonyms

• (statement summarizing the important points of a text): abridgment, compendium, epitome, synopsis

Derived terms

• abstract of title

Translations

an abrigement or summary

Bulgarian: абстракт bg(bg), резюме bg(bg), извадка bg(bg) Catalan: resum, m. Croatian: sažetak hr(hr) m. Czech: výtah cs(cs) m., shrnutí cs(cs) n. Danish: abstrakt da(da) Dutch: samenvatting, korte inhoud Estonian: kokkuvõte et(et) Finnish: tiivistelmä fi(fi) French: abstract fr(fr) m., résumé fr(fr) m. German: Auszug de(de) m., Zusammenfassung de(de) f.

Hindi: सारांश (saaraansh), निचोड (nichoD) Italian: estratto it(it) m., sunto it(it) m., compendio it(it) m., riassunto it(it) m. Japanese: 概要 (がいよう, gaiyō), 要約 (yōyaku) Marathi: सारांश (saaraaunsh), गोषवारा (goShawaaraa) Norwegian: sammendrag n., oppsummering m., utdrag n., referat n. Portuguese: resumo pt(pt) m., sumário pt(pt) m. Russian: конспект ru(ru) m., реферат ru(ru) m. Spanish: resumen es(es) m. Swedish: referat n., sammandrag n., sammanfattning c., utdrag n.

something that concentrates in itself the qualities of something else

Catalan: xifra, f. Finnish: aineellistuma fi(fi)

Hindi: निचोड (nichoD) Norwegian: sammenfatning m.

an abstraction

Bulgarian: абстракция bg(bg), отвлечено понятие bg(bg) Catalan: abstracció, f. Croatian: apstrakcija hr(hr) f. Dutch: abstractie nl(nl) Finnish: käsite fi(fi), abstraktio fi(fi) Hindi: अमूर्त (amoort)

Italian: astrazione it(it) f. Japanese: 抽象的な (ちゅうしょうてきな, chūshōtekina) Marathi: अमूर्त (amoort) Norwegian: distraksjon n. Russian: абстракция ru(ru) f.

an abstract work of art

Bulgarian: абстракция bg(bg) Dutch: abstract kunstwerk Finnish: abstrakti teos Hindi: अमूर्त (amoort)

Japanese: 抽象派の (ちゅうしょうはの, chūshōhano) Marathi: अमूर्त (amoort) Norwegian: abstrakt no(no) Swedish: abstrakt sv(sv) n.

that which is abstract

Dutch: (een) abstract iets Finnish: käsite fi(fi) Hindi: अमूर्त (amoort) Italian: astratto it(it) m.

Japanese: 抽象的な (ちゅうしょうてきな, chūshōtekina) Marathi: अमूर्त (amoort) Norwegian: abstraksjon no(no) m. Swedish: abstrakt sv(sv) n.

an extract of a vegetable substance

Croatian: ekstrakt m. Czech: výtažek cs(cs) m. Dutch: uittreksel nl(nl) Finnish: uute fi(fi) Hindi: निचोड (nichoD)

Japanese: 抽出 (ちゅうしゅつ, chūshutsu) Marathi: सत्त्व (satw) Norwegian: ekstrakt Spanish: extracto es(es) m.

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.

Translations to be checked

Indonesian: abstrak Interlingua: abstracto, summario Korean: 개요 (gaeyo) Novial: abstraktu, abstraktetu

Adjective

Abstract (comparative {{{1}}}, superlative {{{2}}})

Positive Abstract

Comparative {{{1}}}

Superlative {{{2}}}

1. (obsolete) Extracted.
2. Considered apart from any application to a particular object; removed from; apart from; separate; abstracted.
   • 17th century: Noris, The Oxford Dictionary - The more abstract we are from the body ... the more fit we shall be to behold divine light.
3. Absent in mind.
4. Apart from practice or reality; not concrete; ideal; vague; theoretical; impersonal.
5. Difficult to understand; abstruse.
6. Template:Art Free from representational qualities.
7. (logic) General (as opposed to particular).
   • John Stuart Mill - A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression "abstract name" to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes.
8. (computing) Of a class in object-oriented programming, being a partial basis for subclasses rather than a complete template for objects.

Synonyms

• (not applied or practical): conceptual, theoretical
• (insufficiently factual): formal
• (difficult to understand): abstruse

Antonyms

• (not applied or practical): applied, practical
• (considered apart from concrete existence): concrete

Derived terms

• abstractly
• abstractness
• abstract idea
• abstract noun
• abstract numbers
• abstract terms

Translations

extracted

Dutch: onttrokken

Finnish: uutettu fi(fi)

separate

Dutch: afgezonderd nl(nl), gescheiden nl(nl) Finnish: erillinen fi(fi) French: abstrait fr(fr) Italian: teorico it(it)

Norwegian: abstrakt no(no) Portuguese: abstrato pt(pt) Russian: абстрактный ru(ru) (abstráktnyj) Swedish: abstrakt sv(sv)

absent in mind

Dutch: afwezig, verstrooid Finnish: poissaoleva fi(fi)

Norwegian: distrahert

apart from practice or reality; not concrete

Bulgarian: абстрактен bg(bg), отвлечен bg(bg) Catalan: abstracte Dutch: abstract nl(nl), theoretisch nl(nl) Estonian: abstraktne et(et) Finnish: teoreettinen fi(fi), abstrakti fi(fi) German: abstrakt de(de)

Italian: astratto it(it), teorico it(it) Japanese: 抽象的な (ちゅうしょうてきな, chūshōtekina) Norwegian: abstrakt no(no) Portuguese: abstrato pt(pt) Russian: абстрактный ru(ru) (abstráktnyj) Swedish: abstrakt sv(sv), teoretisk sv(sv)

difficult to understand

Bulgarian: неразбираем bg(bg) Catalan: abstracte Dutch: abstract nl(nl), vaag nl(nl), algemeen nl(nl) Finnish: vaikeaselkoinen fi(fi), abstrakti fi(fi)

French: abstrait fr(fr) Italian: astruso it(it) Norwegian: abstrakt no(no) Swedish: djupsinnig, svårfattlig

free from representational qualities

Catalan: abstracte Dutch: abstract nl(nl) Finnish: abstrakti fi(fi)

Japanese: 抽象的な (ちゅうしょうてきな, chūshōtekina) Norwegian: abstrakt no(no)

general as opposed to particular

Dutch: algemeen nl(nl) Finnish: yleinen fi(fi)

Japanese: 抽象的な (ちゅうしょうてきな, chūshōtekina)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.

Translations to be checked

Indonesian: abstrak Interlingua: abstracte Korean: 추상적인 (chusangjeokin) Novial: abstrakti or abstraktet Spanish: abstracto Turkish: soyut, abstre

Etymology 2

From Latin abstractus, perfect passive participle of abstrahō; also from the adjective.

Pronunciation

• enPR: ăb"străkt', IPA: /əbˈstrækt/, SAMPA: /%{b"str{kt/

Verb

Infinitive to Abstract

Third person singular -

Simple past -

Past participle -

Present participle -

to Abstract (third-person singular simple present -, present participle -, simple past and past participle -)

1. (transitive) To separate; to remove; to take away.
   • Walter Scott - He was incapable of forming any opinion or resolution abstracted from his own prejudices.
2. (transitive) To withdraw.
3. (transitive) (euphemistic) To steal; to take away; to remove without permission.
   • W. Black - Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness.
4. (transitive) Template:Art To create artistic abstractions of.
5. (transitive) To summarize; to abridge; to epitomize.
6. (transitive) To consider abstractly; to contemplate separately or by itself.
7. (transitive) To draw off (interest or attention).

   He was wholly abstracted by other objects.

   • William Blackwood, Blackwood's Magazine - The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.
8. (transitive) (obsolete) To extract by means of distillation.
9. (intransitive) To withdraw oneself; to retire.
10. (intransitive) (rare) To perform the process of abstraction.
    • George Berkeley - I own myself able to abstract in one sense.
11. (intransitive) (computing) To produce an abstraction, usually by refactoring existing code. Generally used with "out".

    He abstracted out the square root function.

Synonyms

• (to remove, separate, take away, or withdraw): remove, separate, take away, withdraw
• (to abridge, epitomize, or summarize): abridge, epitomize, summarize
• (to filch, purloin, or steal): filch, purloin, steal

Derived terms

• abstractable
• abstracted
• abstracter
• abstractor

Related terms

• abstraction
• abstractive
• abstractum

Translations

to separate; to remove; to take away

Bulgarian: отделям bg(bg), отнемам bg(bg) Dutch: afzonderen nl(nl) French: abstraire fr(fr) Hindi: अलग करना, निकाल देना Italian: rimuovere it(it), sottrarre it(it), estrarre it(it)

Japanese: 取る (toru) Marathi: वेगळे करणे, काढून टाकणे Portuguese: abstrair pt(pt) Swedish: abstrahera, skilja av, skilja ut, ta bort

to withdraw

Bulgarian: изваждам bg(bg) Dutch: terugtrekken nl(nl) Finnish: vetää fi(fi) German: entziehen de(de)

Greek: αφαιρώ el(el) Hindi: पिछे आना Marathi: मागे येणे

to steal

Bulgarian: отмъквам bg(bg) Dutch: ontvreemden nl(nl) Finnish: poistaa fi(fi)

Italian: sottrarre it(it) Portuguese: roubar pt(pt) Swedish: knycka sv(sv), stjäla sv(sv), nalla sv(sv), sno sv(sv)

to create an artistic abstraction of

Dutch: abstraheren nl(nl) Finnish: abstrahoida fi(fi)

Hindi: अमूर्त कलाकृती करना Marathi: अमूर्त कलाकृती करणे

to abridge, epitomize, or summarize

Dutch: samenvatten nl(nl) Finnish: tiivistää fi(fi) French: abstraire fr(fr) Hindi: सारांश करना

Italian: riassumere it(it) Marathi: सारांश करणे Portuguese: resumir, sumariar Swedish: göra sammandrag av, sammanfatta,

to consider abstractly

Dutch: abstraheren Finnish: tuumia fi(fi) German: abstrahieren de(de)

Hindi: अमूर्तरूपसे लेना Marathi: अमूर्तपणे घेणे

to draw off

Bulgarian: отвличам bg(bg), (внимание) bg(bg) Dutch: afleiden nl(nl)

Finnish: viedä huomio

to extract by means of distillation

Dutch: onttrekken nl(nl)

Finnish: uuttaa fi(fi)

to withdraw oneself

Dutch: zich terugtrekken nl(nl)

Finnish: vetäytyä fi(fi)

to perform the process of abstraction

Dutch: abstraheren Hindi: अमूर्तिकरन करना Italian: astrarre it(it) Marathi: अमूर्तिकरण करणे

Novial: abstrakte Russian: абстрагировать (abstragírovat’) Swedish: abstrahera sv(sv)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.

• Interlingua: abstraher
• Korean: 분리하다, 추출하다, 추상화하다
• Novial: abstrakte
• Spanish: extractar
• Turkish: soyutlamak

References

• Abstract in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913

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Dutch

Wikipedia ^nl

Wikipedia ^nl

Pronunciation

• Audio	noicon
  (file)

Adjective

Template:Nl-adj

1. abstract
2. Template:Art abstract

Antonyms

• (art): figuratief

ar:abstract be:abstract de:abstract et:abstract el:abstract es:abstract fa:abstract fr:abstract ko:abstract io:abstract id:abstract it:abstract kn:abstract hu:abstract ml:abstract nl:abstract ja:abstract pl:abstract pt:abstract ru:abstract simple:abstract fi:abstract sv:abstract ta:abstract te:abstract th:abstract chr:abstract tr:abstract uk:abstract vi:abstract zh:abstract